An artist's depiction of InSight's signal, in green, being converted by the MarCO into their own signals, in blue. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)
Like any dutiful creation, NASA's Mars InSight lander has promised to phone home upon safely reaching its destination on Nov. 26.
But it won't be a detailed conversation, and NASA engineers can't actually be sure when the call will come — or even whether it will come from the InSight lander itself. All told, the team has developed five separate communication routes that will help Earthlings track their creation's progress on the Red Planet.
InSight itself can produce two types of simple signals. During the landing process, it will produce steady tones of radio waves, which are affected by the sheer process of landing — their frequency will change as the spacecraft deploys its parachute and rapidly slows down, for example. [NASA's Mars InSight Lander: 10 Surprising Facts]
Once it has landed, InSight will produce two more beacon signals, 7 minutes apart and in different wavelengths. If engineers can catch the second of those two signals, which is particularly strong, they will be particularly pleased, since it means InSight is probably in good condition. Nevertheless, it will still be hours before they hear whether the lander unfurled its solar arrays uneventfully.
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But because they're dealing with interplanetary travel, engineers have built in three possible alternative means of hearing from InSight, relying on other spacecraft at Mars. InSight's own tiny companions, the two cubesats that make up the Mars Cube One, or MarCO project, will be arriving at the Red Planet with the lander.
The MarCO engineers hope they will have the capacity to narrate the entire landing process for those of us on Earth, including relaying InSight's first photograph. But because the MarCO satellites are the first cubesats ever to leave Earth's orbit, the team can't be sure they will perform as planned.
Fortunately, there are two larger, more grizzled veteran NASA spacecraft orbiting Mars that will also be on hand to report back on the big day: the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and the 2001 Mars Odyssey. The first will be particularly helpful for tracing the entire landing process if it turns out that something went wrong, while the second will confirm that the lander's solar arrays have opened properly.
Of course, the problem with relying on so many different means of communication — and with Mars being 91 million miles (146 million kilometers) away as InSight lands — is that even if everything goes perfectly, we humans will be getting scattershot updates as events unfold.
NASA may know right away that InSight has made it, or it may be hours. We'll just have to wait and see.
Original article on Space.com.