A stroke—a decrease in blood flow to the brain due to a clot or bleeding—is a medical emergency. And doctors often say “time is brain,” meaning the quicker you get treatment, the less likely it is that your brain tissue will be permanently damaged. About 80 percent of strokes are due to a clot (ischemic strokes) and the rest are due to bleeding in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke).
“There are treatments available for stroke that need to be provided within the first 3-4 hours, such as clot-busting medications. That is why urgent attention is critical,” Dr. Seemant Chaturvedi, professor of neurology at Wayne State University School of Medicine, said. So don’t waste time wondering if you should go to the hospital. If you or someone you know has the following symptoms, call 911.
Trouble seeing or blurry vision
Stroke can cause double vision, blurred vision or loss of vision in one eye.
But it may not be as well recognized as facial weakness, arm weakness, and speech problems.
When 1,300 people in the U.K. were asked what symptoms occur in stroke, only 44 percent knew vision loss is a strong indicator.
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Difficulty speaking or confusion
When former Chicago Bears coach and Hall of Fame tight end Mike Ditka suffered what doctors told him was a “very minor stroke,” one of the symptoms he experienced was difficulty speaking.
Stroke can impair the ability to express yourself or understand speech. One test: Repeat the phrase “You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.” Are you slurring words, using the wrong words, or are unable to speak? If any one of these occurs, there’s a 72 percent chance you have had a stroke.
Weak arm or leg
When you’re having a stroke, it’s common for an arm or leg (or both) to suddenly go weak, numb, or to become paralyzed. Often the affected limb is on the side of the body opposite from where the stroke occurred in the brain.
Extend both arms (palms up) for 10 seconds. If one arm drifts downward, that indicates muscle weakness, a sign of stroke. Another test: With eyes open, lift each leg separately.
Dizziness or loss of balance
If you are dizzy, nauseous or have trouble walking, people may think you’re intoxicated when, in fact, you’re having a stroke.
Patients may confuse stroke symptoms with other conditions, Dr. Chaturvedi, director of the Wayne State University/Detroit Medical Center Stroke Program, said. “Sometimes sudden dizziness is attributed to a viral syndrome when it can be the sign of a stroke,” he noted.
Pain
Pain is not a typical stroke symptom. But if you have sudden pain in an arm, a leg, one side of your face or chest, don’t brush it off.
A study found women experience non-traditional stroke symptoms 62 percent more often than men, and one of the most common is pain.
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Severe headache
A sudden, severe headache, perhaps the worst you’ve ever had, is a common stroke symptom.
One study involving 588 patients found people who experienced headache with the onset of stroke tended to be younger and have a history of migraine. Women were more likely to have a headache with stroke than men.
Dr. Chaturvedi and colleagues found young adults with stroke symptoms, including migraine, are sometimes misdiagnosed. “If they have stroke-like symptoms, they should request a neurology consult or brain MRI in the emergency room,” he said.
Droopy face
Sudden, one-sided facial weakness can be a sign of stroke.
Emergency medical personnel will ask you to smile or show your teeth. If one side of your face sags or doesn’t move, that could mean you’re having a stroke.
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Fatigue or mental changes
A recent study of gender differences in ischemic stroke, the type caused by clots, found that women having a stroke were more likely than men to experience general weakness, fatigue, disorientation, and change in mental status.
Another study found 23.2 percent of women reported altered mental status, compared with only 15.2 percent of men.
Hiccups
Usually, hiccups are a minor nuisance.
But when stroke affects the brain’s breathing center, it can trigger a sudden, protracted case of hiccups, more commonly in women.
Breathlessness or heart palpitations
Can’t catch your breath? Feel like your heart is racing or fluttering? A study of gender differences in stroke found that women are more likely to experience these kind of symptoms.
This article originally appeared on Health.com.